In ancient civilizations, all intellectual pursuits were categorized under philosophy, with epistemology (the theory of knowledge) being central, especially in Indian traditions. Indian philosophers were often identified by their focus on pramanas—sources of valid knowledge, according to Prof Dr L Vijai, Professor of Philosophy, Govt College for Women, Trivandrum. He made an online presentation on the topic, Relevance of Indian Knowledge Systems in the Digital Age on July 14, 2025, at the 111...

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